MCF-stack: Special Solutions of Mean Curvature Flow

§ 2.16 Chopp punctured-torus saddle candidate753FE61621D7

Earliest recorded reference: (publication year).

Paper credits and chronology

Paper credits are chronological and include every author of the cited papers. They identify sources, not exclusive discovery credit. Background-only citations do not determine the date of this example. A classical example may predate the references recorded here.

  1. Chopp — 1994 (publication year).
753FE61621D7
3AA6C1836470

(Numerical one-ended saddle) The saddle in [Chopp1994], Section 4.3, is a noncompact numerical shrinker candidate in $\mathbb R^3$, of dimension two and codimension one. Its intended topology is a once-punctured torus: genus one and one topological end. The reported eight-element symmetry is generated by reflection in the $xz$-plane, reflection in the $yz$-plane, and $(x,y,z)\mapsto (y,x,-z)$.

The initial surface is a plane modified by two crossing tubes at the origin, as in Figure 17. Symmetry fixes the zero level; the computation uses the cross-sectional area of one handle, raised to the power $3/2$, as a scale control. The intended normalized equation is $\vec H=-X^\perp /2$, giving $\sqrt{-t}\, \Sigma $ for $t<0$ if an exact complete shrinker is obtained. There is no closed formula for $\Sigma $.

The computation is performed on a bounded window, with upwind boundary conditions. The intended surface is embedded and has no boundary, but completeness, properness and a smooth extension through the omitted end are not proved by this computation. The observed end tends toward a cone; no exact cone link or proved decay rate is supplied. The saddle geometry is not convex, and no curvature sign theorem or stability classification is established for an exact candidate.

Chopp reports $E=0.005848$ after excluding boundary sample points. He expressly states that the algorithm cannot demonstrate the existence of a complete self-similar surface. See Section 4.3, pp. 9–11, Figures 16–19; Figure 19 uses a $100\times 100\times 100$ grid. No Gaussian area, entropy value, uniqueness or certified numerical error bound is recorded. The illustration is an original punctured-torus schematic; its end rim is a display truncation. It is not a numerical reconstruction or an identification with the later one-ended families in Examples 2.32 and 2.21.

Original topology schematic: genus 1, 1 end. Chopp’s paper reports a numerical candidate; this drawing is not his mesh and does not solve the shrinker equation. Scale and neck shapes are illustrative. Outer rims and cutaway edges are display boundaries.
Schematic of a numerical candidate. Original topology schematic: genus 1, 1 end. Chopp’s paper reports a numerical candidate; this drawing is not his mesh and does not solve the shrinker equation. Scale and neck shapes are illustrative. Outer rims and cutaway edges are display boundaries. Open drawing · Numerical references and credits

Ambient space, topology, embeddedness and entropy

Numerical shrinker candidate, not a proved existence result for this computed surface. Topology and compactness describe the intended surface; the drawing is schematic.

Numerical candidate: Chopp punctured-torus saddle candidate · Euclidean space ℝ³ · Not recorded
Ambient space
Euclidean space ℝ³
Topology
Intended orientable genus-1 surface minus 1 point
Embeddedness
Not recorded: The target is embedded and the numerical construction uses embedded level sets, but existence of an exact embedded shrinker with these properties is not proved in the reviewed computation.
Compactness
Noncompact
Surface genus
1, the topology of the numerical candidate
Topological ends
1, for the intended complete surface; finite-window boundaries are not ends
Entropy
Not recorded: No entropy value or bound established for this numerical candidate. The self-similarity diagnostic E is not entropy.
Gaussian area
Not recorded: No normalized centered Gaussian area recorded; do not infer it from the drawing or identify it with entropy for an approximate surface.

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References on this page

  1. [Chopp1994] David L. Chopp. Computation of self-similar solutions for mean curvature flow. Experimental Mathematics, 3(1):1–15, 1994. Journal scan reviewed in full. Five numerical candidates in Sections 4.1–4.4 and 4.6; the four-handled dumbbell in Section 4.5 fails the self-similarity test. No existence proof is supplied. URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/10586458.1994.10504572, doi:10.1080/10586458.1994.10504572.All uses in this project ↩ 1
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